From Symbolic AI to Reasoning LLMs
Modern AI isn’t just a model—it’s an accumulated stack of breakthroughs. Explore the lineage from 1950s logic to 2025’s agentic systems, operational constraints, and the rise of governance.
The Strategic Thesis
We have transitioned from the “Foundation Model” era (2018–2022) to the “System & Governance” era (2023–Present). Capability is no longer just about parameter count; it is a function of retrieval, reasoning, tool use, and safety.
Leaders must abandon “model-centric” thinking in favor of “compound systems.” The bottleneck has shifted from research breakthroughs to compute economics, regulatory compliance (EU AI Act), and data sovereignty.
Key Insight
“Modern capability is an interlocking stack: Representation + Compute + Data + Dynamics + Interfaces + Retrieval + Tooling + Governance.”
Decades of Evolution
Understanding the “History Spine” reveals that today’s limitations (data hunger, hallucination) are echoes of past paradigms.
The Compute Wall
From BERT’s 340M parameters to the trillion-parameter era, scale has been the primary driver of performance (Scaling Laws, P05).
However, we are hitting hardware ceilings. Post-2023, the focus shifts to efficiency (LoRA, P07) and inference-time compute (DeepSeek-R1, P15) rather than just raw training scale.
Memory bandwidth is now the bottleneck. The H100 era demands optimization, not just accumulation.
Logarithmic scale estimation of parameter growth (2018-2024)
The Canonical Paper Stack
The 15 papers that defined the modern era (2017–2025).
Engineering Blueprints
Reference architectures for building secure, evaluation-driven systems.
Production RAG + Tools
The architecture emphasizes identity boundaries. The Agent Controller mediates all access to Tools and Data, wrapped in a Governance layer.
LLM-as-a-Judge Pipeline
Based on “Judging LLM-as-a-Judge” (P14). Automated evaluation is the only way to scale reliability in production.
Risk Landscape 2025
Governance is now a primary design constraint. We categorize risks into Security (Teal), Business/Compliance (Purple), and Safety (Orange).
- Prompt Injection: High likelihood, high impact.
- EU AI Act: Compliance failure is a business-critical risk.
- Model Collapse: Long-term reliability risk.
X: Likelihood | Y: Impact | Size: Severity
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